b'|MENTAL ILLNESSof being overwhelmed, with decreased prob- on her hospital unit, her mood has changed.difficult of the mental health illnesses to treat.lem solving and inability to consider resources.Nursing staff reports this client has becomeCognitive Behavioral Therapy has helped Social factors of financial hardship/debt, jobmore depressed/suicidal. She attemptedBipolar D/O clients with recognizing and insecurity/unemployment, poverty, and expe- to use a bed sheet as a means to hang self.resolving daily living and relationship difficul-rience of discrimination can increase depres- The DSM-5 identifies six types of Bipolarties. Clients are better able to understand how sive feelings. D/O (Western Schools, 2016).beliefs can cause negative thoughts/behaviors.Medications for depression have beenBipolar I (lasts 7 days, with decreased func- Bipolar medications to assist unstable a major factor in treatment and recovery.tioning, one manic episode-may be precededmoods may include Lithium, Depakote, or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitorsby a hypomanic depressive episode);Tegretol. Clients experiencing hallucinations (SSRIs), such as Prozac, Celexa, Zoloft, Paxil,Bipolar II (presence of current/past hypo- and delusions may benefit from Zyprexa, and Lexapro have helped with symptommanic episode and a current or past depressiveAbilify, or Clozaril. Depression in Bipolar recovery. Selective Norepinephrine Reuptakeepisode);D/O clients can be alleviated with Selective Inhibitors (SSRIs), to include Effexor andCyclothymic D/O (milder form of BipolarSerotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or Serotonin Cymbalta, have been effective. The use of elec- D/O)chronic mood disturbance for at leastNorepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. There troconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often limited2 years);are other atypical medications used, such as to severe depression that has not respondedSubstance/Medication (symptoms of manic/ Remeron and Wellbutrin.to traditional therapiesand symptoms arehypomanic during or after substances orBecause of the probability of relapses, ongo-life-threatening. medications);ing medical visits, therapy, and support groups Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, in which aBipolar and Related Disorders due tomay be necessary. This therapist/writer partic-client learns to interrupt distorted thoughtanother medical condition;ipated in a county vocational project, funded patterns, is a very effective method for a cli- Unspecified Bipolar and Related D/O (mayby grants, to help many of these clients, with ent with Major Depression. It helps the clientresemble Bipolar and Related but less severework histories and stable periods. They were recognize thoughts that lead to negative emo- and do not easily fit other types). able to return to daily activity, regain self tional responsesand reinforces new coping. Adults can experience manic or hypomanicesteem, and return to work.Social interaction is essential for recov- episodes but may also experience depression in ery. Caring family and friends, social servicesleeping, eating, shopping, working, and rela- SCHIZOPHRENIAagencies, and community support groupstionships. In a manic episode, he/she may beAn Illustration of Schizophrenia can be a have helped many with the challenge ofenergized, happy, agitated, and having racingwoman with years of hearing voices, com-depression. This therapist/writer helped cli- thoughts. In a depressive episode, the clientmanding her thoughts and activities. The ents in both public and private settings withmay feel sad, hopeless, and lose interest in life.only periods when she is able to ignore these multidisciplinary therapies that have pro- With children and adolescents, symptomsvoices is when she is engaged in structured vided recovery. In a county group setting withof mood changes can occur. But these changesactivities and given the therapists encour-social work staff, this therapist/writer helpedare more likely in late teenage years. Symptomsagement to concentrate.clients express feelings; interact with others;include disruptive behaviors, anxiety, sleepingSchizophrenia has been described as a concentrate with lesser difficulty; and beginproblems, decreased attention, and depression. mental illness with psychotic experiences, to gain self awareness and self esteem. In oneAn individual may experience mixed symp- including delusions, hallucinations, disorga-private hospital setting, this therapist/writertomsboth mania and depression. nized speech, catatonic behaviors, paranoia, established an outpatient community groupSubstance abuse is very common amongand decreased ability to participate in daily for anyone experiencing depression or anx- people with Bipolar D/O. Attempted and com- activities (Western Schools, 2016). This ill-iety. Clients were given a safe atmosphere topleted suicides are common. Hallucinationsness often begins in late adolescence. It is express problems, experienced the supportand delusions are often present. believed that abnormal brain neurotransmit-of group members and staff, and providedIn considering reasons for the developmentters (dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and resources (to include hospitalization or indi- of Bipolar D/O, studies and medical historiesGamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) may be vidual therapy options). indicate a first-degree relative with the ill- responsible for symptoms. Studies with fam-ness. Neuroimaging studies show structuralilies and twin studies also indicate genetics as BIPOLAR AND RELATED DISORDERS differences in the brains of those with Bipolara factor. Birth complications, as well as child-This illness is best portrayed by a client withD/O, such as smaller cerebral volumes andhood brain injury may also be factors (Rigby & Bipolar Disorder symptoms as she attemptsincreased brain activity in the hypothalam- Alexander, (2008), in Western Schools, 2016).to select an activity in an inpatient therapyic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) area, contribut- Schizophrenic clients may experience delu-session. She seems restless and irritable asing to mood disturbances (Luby & Navasaria,sions or false beliefs, feeling threatened or con-she races through materials and handles(2010), in Western Schools, 2016). trolled. Hallucinations can be auditory (voices); several therapeutic art projects, althoughIf left untreated, Bipolar Disorder can lead tovisual (seeing false things); tactile (sense of gently prompted to select just one. Laterearly death, poor health, disability, and home- crawling); or olfactory (false smell sensation).that day, after this therapy session and backlessness. It can be considered one of the mostDisorganized thoughts can present with www.elitecme.com |2019| MENTAL HEALTH 15'