Complete Your CE Test Online - Click Here ● ● Not eat with the rest of the family. ● ● Have no private space. ● ● Sleep in a shared or inappropriate space. ● ● Be reported missing by their employer even though they are still living in the employer’s house. ● ● Never or rarely leave the house for social reasons. ● ● Never leave the house without their employer. ● ● Be given only leftovers to eat. ● ● Be subjected to insults, abuse, and threats of violence or sexual exploitation. Sexual exploitation Victims may: ● ● Be of any age, although ages often vary by location and the market. ● ● Move from one brothel to the next or work in various locations. ● ● Be escorted wherever they go. ● ● Have tattoos, brands, or other marks indicating ownership by the traffickers. ● ● Work long hours or have few, if any days off. ● ● Sleep where they work. ● ● Live or travel in groups, sometimes with others who do not speak the same language. ● ● Have very few items of clothing or clothes that are commonly worn for doing sex work. ● ● Only know how to say sex-related words. ● ● Have no cash of their own. ● ● Be unable to show identification. ● ● Have evidence of unprotected sex. ● ● Have evidence that they cannot refuse sexual exploitation. ● ● Have evidence that they have been bought and sold. ● ● Be groups of women who are under the control of others. ● ● Have been placed in brothels or similar places offering the services of women of a particular ethnicity or nationality. ● ● Be sex workers who provide services to a clientele of a particular ethnicity or nationality. ● ● Not smile. Labor exploitation People who have been trafficked for the purpose of labor exploitation are typically made to work in sectors such as agriculture, construction, entertainment, service industry and manufacturing in sweatshops. People who have been trafficked for labor exploitation may: ● ● Live in groups in the same place where they work and rarely leave those premises if at all. ● ● Live in degraded, unsuitable places, such as agricultural or industrial buildings. ● ● May be dressed inadequately for the work they do, such as no protective gear or warm clothing. ● ● Be given only leftovers to eat. ● ● Have no access to earnings. ● ● Have no labor contract. ● ● Depend on their employer for work, transportation and accommodations. ● ● Work excessively long hours, with few or no breaks, seven days a week. ● ● Have no choice of accommodation. ● ● Never leave the work premises without their employer. ● ● Be unable to move freely. ● ● Be subject to security measures designed to keep them on the work premises. ● ● Be disciplined through fines. ● ● Be subjected to insults, abuse, threats or violence. ● ● Lack basic training and professional licenses. ● ● Work where notices have been posted in languages other than the local language. ● ● Work where there are no health and safety notices. ● ● Have employers or managers unable to show documents required for employing workers from other countries. ● ● Have employers or managers who are unable to show records of wages paid to workers. ● ● Have health and safety equipment that is of poor quality or is missing. ● ● Use equipment that is designed or has been modified so that children can operate it. ● ● Work where there is evidence that labor laws have been violated. ● ● Work where there is evidence that they must pay for tools, food or accommodation or that those costs are being deducted from their wages. Begging and petty crime People who have been trafficked for the purpose of begging or committing petty crimes may: ● ● Be children, elderly or disabled migrants who tend to beg in public places and on public transport. ● ● Be children carrying or selling illicit drugs. ● ● Have physical impairments that appear to be the result of mutilation. ● ● Be children of the same nationality or ethnicity. ● ● Move in groups while traveling on public transportation. For example, when traveling on a train, they may walk up and down the length of the train. ● ● Be unaccompanied minors who have been “found” by an adult of the same nationality or ethnicity. ● ● Be children of the same nationality or ethnicity who move in large groups with only a few adults. ● ● Participate in activities of organized criminal gangs. ● ● Be part of large groups of children who have the same guardian. ● ● Be punished if they do not collect or steal enough. ● ● Live with members of their group. ● ● Travel with members of their group to the country of destination. ● ● Live as gang members with adults who are not their parents. ● ● Move daily in large groups over considerable distances. ● ● Be involved in new forms of gang-related crime appearing in the area. ● ● Be involved in a group of suspected victims that has moved over a period of time to a number of countries. ● ● May have been involved in begging or in committing petty crimes in another country. (United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking, 2012) Psychological barriers to escape In addition to the physical barriers previously discussed, there are a number of psychological factors that may keep victims locked in the world of sex trafficking because of their thought and belief patterns: ● ● The victim may have paralyzing fear of harm to a loved one, threats of arrest, and death. ● ● Cultural factors from their home country may lead to shame, self-blame, and low self-esteem. Victims may believe that even if they could escape, their family or friends would never accept them. In some countries, they would be killed by their families for dishonoring them, which is called honor killing. ● ● It is known that victims often experience serious psychological trauma that can lead to dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which affects their view of the world. ● ● After a long period of dependence, exploitation and trauma, victims may give up hope of escaping and a normal life and so are resigned to their fate. ● ● The Stockholm syndrome may occur, and victims begin to identify with their captors, settling in to their life as a dependent victim. ● ● They may be so traumatized that they lose all hope of finding anyone to help them and believe no one will care anyway. ● ● Isolation, control of their every movement and basic needs for survival, including all monetary resources, lead victims to complete dependency and helplessness because they have lost all skills for autonomy or independence. Federal laws Human trafficking, also known as trafficking in persons (TIP), is a modern-day form of slavery and a crime under federal and international law. Individuals procuring a child or adult for illegal sex trade are known as “traffickers” under the federal law. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 was the first comprehensive federal law Page 26 Massage.EliteCME.com